Criptomonedas, Blockchain, ICOs & Startups

En los últimos meses, nos hemos visto inundados de conversaciones y opiniones sobre el mundo de las criptomonedas o “Bitcoin”, término que se suele utilizar como genérico para todo tipo de criptomonedas y ICOs.

El revuelo generalizado se ha generado principalmente por las oscilaciones que sufrió el valor del Bitcoin en el mercado. La más pronunciada sucedió en diciembre 2017, cuando la curva creció sostenidamente hasta pegar el salto exponencial, donde el precio de un Bitcoin (BTC) alcanzó el récord histórico de U$S 19.783 (según Coindesk).

Corrían las historias de amigos y conocidos que habían adquirido Bitcoins por algunas decenas de dólares y sus ganancias eran ahora increíbles. También se sumó el famoso efecto FOMO (“fear of missing out” = miedo de quedarse afuera), con el cual el hombre medio no sabía ni entendía porqué subía el valor del Bitcoin, pero estaba seguro de que quería aprovechar esa oportunidad de enriquecerse rápidamente y con poco esfuerzo.

Toda la actividad que se vivió y que aún se sigue viviendo en el mercado, raspa apenas la superficie del iceberg: lo visible y emocional.

Hay un fenómeno mucho más relevante y significativo: la aparición de una tecnología sustancialmente disruptiva que parece haber llegado para quedarse e impactar en muchos ámbitos de nuestra vida de forma transversal: el blockchain.

El Bitcoin es un elemento más relacionado a esta tecnología que, por sus características particulares, es fácilmente negociable. Esto, sumado otros factores, como lo son el aumento de las plataformas de trading y una mayor accesibilidad para los mineros, se generalizó un gran movimiento en los mercados.

Con la explosión de las criptomonedas y los ICOs, parecería que estamos viviendo una situación análoga a la de la burbuja “.com”, en la cual se inflaron los valores porque todos querían ser parte e invertir en activos que supuestamente iban a incrementar su valor, sin saber cuál era el real valor de cada compañía, y en muchos casos no contaban con las herramientas para analizarlas correctamente.

En este artículo intentaremos explicar el verdadero valor del blockchain, los ICOs, las criptomonedas y los principales negocios que pueden existir en torno a este fenómeno.

Hemos observado que existe una confusión generalizada sobre lo que realmente valen las criptomonedas y la utilización del blockchain: parecería que solamente se está pensando en el valor de las criptomonedas en base al mercado secundario y la especulación, al menos en el hombre medio que no está inmerso en el mundo de la tecnología o las finanzas. Es un contexto en el cual muchos aprovecharán la situación para beneficiarse del FOMO fomentando a otros desesperados a invertir impulsivamente, seguramente con expectativas u objetivos desmedidos, irreales o infundados.

El Blockchain es básicamente una base de datos compartida. Funciona como un libro para el registro de operaciones de compra-venta o cualquier otra transacción. Es un conjunto de registros que están en una base de datos compartida online en la que se registran, mediante códigos, las operaciones, cantidades, fechas y participantes.

Al utilizar claves y al estar distribuido en muchos ordenadores, presenta ventajas en la seguridad frente a manipulaciones y fraudes. Esto implica que una modificación en cualquiera de las copias no sirve de nada, ya que la base es abierta y pública y, para que esto funcione, este cambio debería hacerse en todas las copias que se encuentran distribuidas en la red.

Uno de los roles importantes en la red son los nodos. Estos mantienen copias constantemente actualizadas de esta base de datos compartida (blockchain).

El otro rol importante lo cumplen los mineros, quienes realizan las transacciones de la red. Estas se realizan gracias al poder de procesamiento que ellos vierten a la red resolviendo problemas informáticos. Por esta tarea son recompensados con criptomonedas.

La importancia del blockchain reside en los múltiples usos que se le puede dar en varias industrias como, por ejemplo, el mercado financiero.

El desafío que presenta el blockchain para esta industria, es la de un futuro sin un control central como un banco, con transacciones aprobadas automáticamente en segundos o minutos, reduciendo significativamente los costos e impulsando la eficiencia.

A partir de todo este fenómeno y, a diferencia del sistema financiero convencional, las Ofertas Iniciales de Monedas (más conocido por sus siglas en inglés ICO o Initial Coin Offering) presentan una alternativa no convencional de crowdfunding. Esto permitió que varias empresas y proyectos exitosos obtengan la financiación necesaria para comenzar su negocio de manera mas rapida y economica, y con un proceso menos sujeto a regulaciones.

Al comprar estas criptomonedas, los inversores apuestan a que la empresa emisora tenga éxito y, como resultado, la moneda aumentará su valor.

Para analizar el verdadero valor de estas criptomonedas, abstrayendonos de la especulación del mercado, es necesario analizar la empresa que ha emitido la criptomoneda: el equipo, el producto o servicio, el modelo de negocios, el mercado potencial. En pocas palabras, tenemos que volver a los fundamentals para analizar el valor de la empresa en base a su potencial. Para esto, una herramienta muy útil es informarse del verdadero potencial de la compañía, su estrategia y el equipo que llevará a cabo los proyectos. Para esto es crucial analizar los white papers que emiten las compañías cuando inician el proceso de ICO.

Las criptomonedas o tokens que pagan dividendos, comparten ganancias, pagan intereses o invierten en otros tokens o activos para generar ganancias para los titulares se consideran Security Tokens.

Gran parte de la estrategia para lanzar ICOs está basada en acciones de marketing: se arman equipos con profesionales de renombre y se realizan grandes anuncios en el mercado mundial, generalmente comunicando que una parte relevante de las criptomonedas emitidas ya se encuentran suscritas por líderes del mundo de la innovación y de las finanzas con el objetivo de captar a los inversores minoristas. Sin embargo, no todas las compañías explican acabadamente su propuesta de valor y la razón por la cual la tecnología de blockchain aportará valor a su proyecto.

Por otro lado podemos encontrar los Utility Tokens, los cuales representan el acceso futuro al producto o servicio de una compañía. Las compañías pueden vender “cupones digitales” para el servicio que está desarrollando. Es un modelo similar al de los minoristas de productos electrónicos que aceptan pedidos anticipados.

El impacto del mercado secundario y la especulación es el factor de influencia más extrínseco a la criptomoneda. Desde un punto de vista cortoplacista y financiero, quizás es el factor más importante y con el cual muchos ya se han enriquecido, pero definitivamente es el que menos tiene que ver con el real valor de la moneda y con sus activos subyacentes.

La especulación y el arbitraje influyen mucho en el precio de las criptomonedas. Los activos subyacentes, es decir, las compañías emisoras y su performance, son mucho menos visibles y conocidos. Asimismo, la manera y el impacto de los factores coyunturales (Ej: contexto macroeconómico y social, regulaciones, etc.) que influyen en el desarrollo de esas compañías, son mucho más inciertos e imprevisibles, con lo cual cualquier noticia o rumor puede generar un alza o baja exponencial en el valor de mercado de cada criptomoneda.

Las ICO han ganado popularidad masiva en los últimos meses entre startups como un medio para recaudar fondos.

En abril 2017, el capital total recaudado a través de ICOs fue de alrededor de U$S 100 millones y en mayo, la cantidad subió a alrededor de U$S 250 millones.

El mes de junio resultó ser la mayor sorpresa, cuando el financiamiento total superó los U$S 550 millones, siendo la primera vez que supera a la inversión de VCs de etapas temprana e inversiones ángeles, la cual fue de menos de U$S 300 millones en el mes de junio.

En julio, las ICOs superaron los U$S 300 millones, mientras que los fondos VCs de etapas iniciales y ángeles levemente por sobre los U$S 200 millones.

Fuente: Yahoo! Finance

Con estas cifras y con un rápido acceso al capital, las ICOs se han convertido en la mayor fuente de financiación. Es una gran opción para aquellas empresas que persiguen la aplicación de la tecnología blockchain.

Venture Capital Sector Facing Challenges in the Era of Cryptocurrency

In the past couple of years, cryptocurrency has experienced a sudden boom and is now making news in every sector. In the beginning, when bitcoin was in its initial stages, everybody was talking about Venture Capital (VC) and how it is going to benefit the small businesses.

So many venture capitalists made money by investing in innovative ideas that eventually materialized into unicorns. Instead of investing in the digital currency like bitcoins, investors preferred to invest in the companies, such as Coinbase or 21.co.

Bitcoin Price at All Times High

Some of these firms performed better than the other. For example, Coinbase ended up being in the first place in the app store of Apple last December as a result of hype over bitcoin. On the other hand, 21 kept changing its names and business plans. Back when Coinbase got its first round of funding from VCs, its price was about $110. However, recently, it has managed to reach $19,000.

An investment associate in the Digital Currency Group, Travis Scher, was of the opinion that had investors invested in the cryptocurrency instead of investing in digital currency firms, they would’ve gotten much higher returns by now.

VCs and the Increasing Trend of ICOs

This isn’t easy to grasp as it complicates the core idea of VCs.

The conventional way of making an investment was to find out the rising trend in technology, identify the targets that were in line with those trends and were in a better position to make it big, and then taking a profitable exit as soon as those companies were either sold out or went public.

But it won’t be an effective strategy for digital currencies like bitcoin. In fact, as more and more cryptocurrencies have entered the market, it has become even more confusing and complex. The community of dreamers, and entrepreneurs have been raising money via ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings), wherein, they create their own digital currencies, sell them for money and trade them in the open market.

When it comes to venture capital firms, they offer the investors an unrestricted access to private companies that are not publicly listed. Therefore, the question is, where will these venture capital companies go, if ICOs become a strong medium for people to get a bit of hot technology.

Venture Capitalists and their New Tactics

Venture capitalists have been devising new tactics to deal with the frenzy of cryptocurrency. Instead of seeking a stake in the digital currency firm, they have started purchasing the rights to acquire tokens ahead of initial coin offerings via legal contracts. In addition to that, they are improvising conventional equity deals, offering guarantees to investors in terms of getting tokens if a startup company goes for ICO in the future.

Some investors have also invested directly in bitcoin for years. The founder of VC firm Social Capital, Chamath Palihapitiya, said that he, along with his partners, invested in 5 percent of the bitcoin in circulation and still hold a reasonable stake in the currency.

Increasing Risks Faced by Investors in the Digital Currency Market

Although, the cryptocurrency market is rapidly growing, yet, it is not without risk. In fact, so many investors have suffered from hacking attacks and have also been threatened physically.

Threats are very real and harmful, because bitcoin will be lost forever if somebody steals it.

Cryptocurrency Hedge Funds and Futures Tokens

So many VC firms, including Sequoia Capital, Union Square Venture, and Andreessen Horowitz have made an investment in digital currency hedge funds in order to benefit from the boom without worrying about managing these currencies. They earn profits by trading dabble, litecoin, ethereum, and bitcoin in the ICOs market.

Some of the big names in the world of VC, including Bain Capital Venture, Union Square Ventures, and Sequoia Capital, have entered the deals to acquire digital tokens. For that, they are using legal agreements called “Simple Agreements for Future Tokens” also known as SAFT. Andreessen Horowitz is also taking steps to include provisions in standard contracts for investments in order to properly address ICOs.

According to a research website, in 2017, startup companies made about $3.6 billion in ICOs. This, however, is nothing in comparison to the $52.6 billion earned by VCs from around the world, as stated in the report by CB Insights and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Despite that, investors are inclined toward ICOs as it enables them to make millions in short span of time as compared to VC investments, which take years before you can reap the return.

National Currencies last breath?

The world of digital currency has gained massive popularity in the past couple of years.

Bitcoin has moved over $19,000, whereas, Ethereum is increasing in value every day and its price has crossed over $700. The continuing boom of cryptocurrencies might eventually lead to the next big step, i.e., the end of cash currencies.

Yes, you heard it right. Even the director and founder of Bitt, Gabriel Abed, is of the opinion that cash has been in the market for too long, and all the currencies will eventually be digitized.

Rise of the New Economic Age

All the cryptocurrencies, including Ether and Bitcoin, are basically issued by private organizations, groups, and individuals, they mine it through cryptographic protocols and more and more countries are gradually heading in that direction.

Russia has recently announced its plans for a national digital currency called Crypto-Ruble.
China and Kyrgyzstan are following the lead.
In Japan, over 200,000 stores have been accepting bitcoin as a legal tender and some of the big banks are planning to create their own version of these cryptocurrencies.

In a highly innovative environment, efforts are being made to circulate digital currency in various economies. The Federal Reserve in the United States however, has no such plans of nationalizing the cryptocurrency.

Crypto-Ruble – A New Start for Better Russian Economy?

Putin is very strict about following law and order and despite the advantages of having a national digital currency, it has gray areas when it comes to its legal status. This is why he is a little skeptical about cryptocurrencies. Therefore, the aim of Russian official crypto-policy is to eliminate the chances of illegal transactions such as, human-trafficking, terrorism financing, and money laundering, while at the same time using this technology to modernize the internal capital management of Russia. This is the main strategy behind crypto-ruble.

The crypto-ruble will serve as a connection between the real world and the crypto-world, which would enable the efficient tracking of capital flow in the Russian economy. Those who won’t be able to provide a paper trail of ownership will have to pay tax on crypto-ruble at the capital gain rates. It will encourage the development of low-cost crypto-payment systems, which allows the exchange of rubles for goods only in digital currencies where ownership can be tracked.

China Taking a Step to Cryptocurrency Implementation

People’s Bank of China has already created a prototype of a digital currency that may be circulating in the market in times to come, alongside Yuan. The country is testing possible scenarios in a simulated environment and running dummy transactions using digital currency with a few commercial banks in China.

Making Quantitative Easing Easier with National Cryptocurrency

The rise of new economic age with cryptocurrency as a national currency will make quantitative easing much easier. Quantitative easing is an economic concept, whereby the central bank purchases predefined amount of financial assets and government bonds to give a boost to the economy. By having a national cryptocurrency, it will be easier to execute the concept of quantitative easing.

Why is National Digital Currency a Better Idea?

Abed further added that nationalizing the digital currency is a better option as it is more transparent, immutable, and efficient. In fact, there have been talks between the Central Bank of Jamaica and Bitt to enable testing this technology. At the same time, the company has been running the active pilot programs in other Caribbean countries.

Jamaica is encouraging the FinTech startups by enabling them to operate in the country. The main reason behind these efforts is to foster innovation. A representative of the Caribbean Development Bank said that they do not want to be in a situation where regulatory authorities have a strong and dominant hand initially. He further said that the Caribbean can be used as a virtual space to test the new technology in a secure environment. These efforts will eventually enable them to take bigger steps in the future.

Should Regulators be Concerned About This Profitable Investment?

Although investors from around the world have shown increasing interest in the digital currency, many regulators negatively criticize Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). However, there has been an exception recently as Yao Loong Ng, the executive director of the Financial Market Strategy department, is encouraging the regulatory authorities around the globe to learn about cryptocurrency and ICOs. He even pointed out the fact that learning about the developments in the world of digital currency can be useful for regulators.

In a panel discussion of the South East Asian Nation Capital Markets Conference that was held in Malaysia, Ng said that it takes a lot less time to market for the ICOs as compared to IPOs (Initial Public Offerings).

IPOs can take as much as 9 months to market. This is why he believes that if the entire process of writing a white paper for ICOs and its subsequent listing is taking just a few days, then regulators certainly have something to learn from it.

Current Developments in Cryptocurrency

But the question is, why is there a need to regulate it? Cryptocurrencies have gained a lot of traction in the last few years and so many investors have been investing in the virtual currency. In fact, in July 2017, Alex Tapscott, Blockchain Revolution’s author, made an announcement of closing an over-subscribed financing of 20 million dollars for his digital investment funds. The hedge fund is called NextBlock Global. His opinion is that this fund has everything, including domain expertise, and market access to have a bright future.

Last year in September, Olaf Carlson also created a hedge fund of digital currencies, which had more than $200 million in Assets Under Management. Among many venture capital firms that are backing this fund, Union Square Venture, Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz are a few leading names.

Currently, the majority of the investors in the world of digital currency are either individuals with high wealth or retail investors. Institutional investors have so far shown very limited interest in cryptocurrencies. But this is not going to stay the same. In fact, the change has already started taking place. The new flow of investment by the institutional investors will give a boost to bitcoins and other altcoins by pushing its value rapidly in the upward direction due to their small market capitalization.

In times like this, it has become increasingly important to step forward. Instead of negatively criticizing the new form of currency, it’s time to embrace it and start the efforts of regulating it. Although, there has been a constant backlash from the regulators community at large, there are a few countries where authorities are working on creating regulations.

Regulating the Digital Currency

In Malaysia, the Security Commission has made an announcement that it is currently in the process of preparing guidelines and regulations on how these currencies should function, which includes secondary market trading of established digital assets and currencies.

Tan Sri Ranjit Singh, the chairman of the commission said that they are working closely with the central bank of Malaysia to develop a framework on cryptocurrencies. He further added that it will take a few months for the framework to complete. He also mentioned that they are observing it very carefully and since the Security Commission control and regulate the secondary market, they will design the rules and regulations in such a way that there is a right condition in place for trading values in order to secure market integrity. This is also being done for providing the projection to investors.

Regulatory Efforts

A consultant at the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, Munish Sharma, talked about the dilemma faced by most regulators, especially when it comes to the existence of this new technology in the highly regulated space. He said that digital currency has gained a lot of investors’ attention in the past 5 years, but at the same time, there have been growing concerns among the financial institutions’ regulators around the world.

Instead of just letting the digital currency grow without any interference or regulation, governments of various countries are brainstorming with the regulators on how to regulate these virtual currencies.

ICOs Surpassed Early Stage Venture Capital Funding

New startups that raised funds through Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) have now surpassed the early stage VC Funding for internet firms.

But before diving into it, it is important to know what ICOs are.

What is Initial Coin Offerings?

This is another way of raising cash.

Cryptocurrency and blockchain startup companies raise capital through ICOs by selling tokens of investors in exchange for equity funds. It is somewhat the same as Initial Public Offering in which stocks are issued in exchange for equity. Just like crowdfunding, ICOs provide a way to get funds from users by enabling them to have a share of the business. They get digital currency in exchange for the money they invest in the business.

Rising Popularity of ICOs and VC Funding

ICOs have gained massive popularity in the last few months among blockchain and cryptocurrency startups. In April this year, the total capital raised via these offerings was around $100 million and in May, the amount went up to about $250 million. The month of June turned out to be the biggest surprise when the total funding exceeded $550 million. According to Goldman Sachs, it was the first time that it performed better than seed and angel venture capital funding. Early stage and angel venture capital funding was less than $300 million in June.

In July, the offerings were a little more than $300 million, whereas, early stage and angel funding was just a bit higher than $200 million.

Popularity Among the Celebrities

ICOs have become so popular that even the celebrities, including Paris Hilton and Floyd Mayweather, have started jumping on board. In fact, Paris has been involved in it for over a year now and also met the COO of Ethereum last year.

Total Value of ICOs in 2017

The total value raised by 92 ICOs in 2017 is $1.25 billion. This is a really good number, given the recent boom of such offerings in the VC sector. There are so many firms that have used these offerings to raise money. For example, Tezos managed to get the capital of over $200 million by creating a new blockchain, whereas, another firm, Bancor secured $153 million via ICO.

Criticism and Scrutiny from Regulators

Despite the boom, this phenomenon has been under severe criticism and scrutiny from regulators and other authorities. For example, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) released a statement in which it was mentioned that these offerings are exposed to money laundering and other terrorist financing risks, because the nature of these transactions remains anonymous. Another concern raised by the MAS was the collection of large amounts of capital in such a short time frame, which makes ICO vulnerable to high-level risk.

On the other hand, the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) said in July this year that the security law of the U.S. will be applicable to this cryptocurrency. The experts are also showing concern over its legitimacy. They have highlighted that the sale of a cryptographic token makes the investor entitled to a certain share of profit in the firm, which can be considered as a violation of financial rules and regulations. The People’s Bank of China and a lot of other government departments have released a joint statement that people and firms that have raised money through ICO should also make arrangements to return that capital.

Firms Facing Increasing Risk of Getting Hacked

Despite all the boom and criticism, the risk of ICOs cannot be ruled out. A clear example of this is CoinDash that initiated an ICO, but ended up getting hacked in July. As a result, all of its funds got stolen. Although, it has gained popularity in the past few months, yet, the risks cannot be ruled out entirely.

Future of ICOs

The Chief Information Officer of UBS, Oliver Bussman, raised his concern and said that strict regulations and measures, as applied to IPO businesses, are required in ICO to safeguard the interest of investors. However, he is quite confident about this new mode of raising funds and expressed that such offerings will continue to happen in future. He said that as a new business model that is benefiting the blockchain technology, ICO will continue to sustain by combining hybrid equity ownership/currency and crowd funding.